1. Question: Socialism developed as a protest against the evils of
Options:
A. feudalism
B. capitalism
C. fascism
D. oligarchy
Topic: Political Ideologies
Correct Option: B (capitalism)
Detailed Explanation: Socialism emerged in the 19th century (popularized by thinkers like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) specifically as a reaction to the exploitation, inequality, and poor working conditions caused by the Industrial Revolution and the capitalist economic system.

2. Question: Who among the following is associated with fascism?
Options:
A. Joseph Stalin
B. Karl Marx
C. Benito Mussolini
D. Fredrick Engels
Topic: Political Ideologies
Correct Option: C (Benito Mussolini)
Detailed Explanation: Benito Mussolini was the founder of the Fascist Party in Italy and ruled as a fascist dictator. Stalin is associated with Communism (Soviet Union), while Marx and Engels are the fathers of Socialism/Communism.

3. Question: Fascism as a system of government originated in
Options:
A. Britain
B. Germany
C. France
D. Italy
Topic: Political Ideologies
Correct Option: D (Italy)
Detailed Explanation: Fascism first emerged as a ruling system in Italy in 1922 under Benito Mussolini, before spreading to Germany (as Nazism) in 1933.

4. Question: The instrument mostly abused by a totalitarian government is the
Options:
A. periodic election
B. mass media
C. military
D. youth organizations
Topic: Political Systems (Totalitarianism)
Correct Option: B (mass media)
Detailed Explanation: While totalitarian regimes rely on the military for force, the instrument they abuse (twist and misuse) the most is the Mass Media. They use state-controlled media for propaganda to brainwash citizens and suppress the truth.
(Note: The answer key in the PDF suggests “Military” but labels it “B”. In standard Government studies, Mass Media is the instrument of propaganda/abuse, while the Military is the instrument of coercion).

5. Question: Government of the few over the majority is
Options:
A. oligarchy
B. feudalism
C. totalitarianism
D. fascism
Topic: Types of Government
Correct Option: A (oligarchy)
Detailed Explanation: Oligarchy is derived from the Greek word oligos (few) and arkhein (rule). It literally defines a system where government power resides in the hands of a small number of people.

6. Question: The central points of capitalism as expounded by Karl Marx is that
Options:
A. capitalists’ profit is the surplus value obtained from workers’ labour
B. workers are inherently incapable of being owners of their labour
C. capitalists shall always increase workers’ earning capacity through wages
D. capitalists shall always readily…
Topic: Political Ideologies (Marxism)
Correct Option: A (capitalists’ profit is the surplus value obtained from workers’ labour)
Detailed Explanation: Karl Marx’s “Theory of Surplus Value” argues that capitalists exploit workers by paying them less than the value of what they produce, keeping the difference (surplus) as profit.

7. Question: Public opinion is important because it
Options:
A. tells government what action it must take
B. lets government know what the people want
C. allows the police to determine troublemakers
D. protects minorities
Topic: Public Opinion
Correct Option: B (lets government know what the people want)
Detailed Explanation: The primary function of public opinion is to serve as a feedback mechanism, helping the government understand the desires, needs, and grievances of the citizens.

8. Question: Which branch of government is responsible for Implementing laws? The
Options:
A. Executive
B. Legislature
C. Judiciary
D. Police
Topic: Separation of Powers
Correct Option: A (Executive)
Detailed Explanation:

• Legislature: Makes the law.

• Judiciary: Interprets the law.

• Executive: Implements (enforces/executes) the law.

9. Question: Delegated legislation is the power to make laws by
Options:
A. local councils when parliament is recess
B. bodies other than parliament
C. the International Law Commission
D. military rulers
Topic: Delegated Legislation
Correct Option: B (bodies other than parliament)
Detailed Explanation: Delegated legislation refers to laws, rules, or regulations made by bodies (such as Ministers, Corporations, or Local Councils) to whom the Legislature has delegated authority.

10. Question: In a unitary system of government
Options:
A. political power is diffused
B. there is a high degree of centralization
C. there is no separation of powers
D. parliament is very weak
Topic: Systems of Government
Correct Option: B (there is a high degree of centralization)
Detailed Explanation: In a unitary state, the central government is supreme, and any administrative divisions (like states or counties) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate.

11. Question: Universal Adult Suffrage means all
Options:
A. adult citizens can vote
B. citizens can vote
C. qualified citizens can vote
D. literate citizens can vote
Topic: Electoral Systems
Correct Option: A (adult citizens can vote)
Detailed Explanation: Universal Adult Suffrage means the right to vote is given to all adult citizens (usually 18+) regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, or race.

12. Question: A bill that applies to the whole population and is intended to promote the general welfare is called
Options:
A. a private bill
B. a decree
C. an appropriation bill
D. a public bill
Topic: The Legislature (Law Making)
Correct Option: D (a public bill)
Detailed Explanation:

• Public Bill: Affects the general public/whole country.

• Private Bill: Affects specific individuals or corporate bodies.

13. Question: The rule of law implies
Options:
A. the rule by lawyers
B. that only the Head of State is above the law
C. the absence of a military government
D. that no one is above the law
Topic: Rule of Law
Correct Option: D (that no one is above the law)
Detailed Explanation: Popularized by A.V. Dicey, the Rule of Law states that “Equality before the law” is paramount—meaning every citizen, from the President to the common man, is subject to the same laws.

14. Question: A one-party system of government
Options:
A. is found in Africa
B. allows no official opposition
C. does not provide for a legislature
D. is practiced only where the citizens share
Topic: Party Systems
Correct Option: B (allows no official opposition)
Detailed Explanation: In a one-party state, only one political party has the legal right to form the government. Opposition parties are constitutionally banned.

15. Question: Constitutionalism means
Options:
A. the constitution is largely made up of conventions
B. the constitution is not easy to amend
C. the provisions of the constitution are strictly adhered to
D. there is a constitutional Head of State
Topic: Constitutionalism
Correct Option: C (the provisions of the constitution are strictly adhered to)
Detailed Explanation: Constitutionalism is the political principle that government power should be limited and that the government must obey the laws of the constitution (Strict adherence).

16. Question: Aristocracy is the system of government in which the few rule for
Options:
A. their own benefit
B. the benefit of all
C. the benefit of their friends
D. the benefit of a few
Topic: Types of Government
Correct Option: B (the benefit of all)
Detailed Explanation: According to Aristotle’s classification, Aristocracy is the rule by the “best” few for the interest of the whole state. If they rule for their own selfish interest, it becomes an Oligarchy.

17. Question: Presidentialism is a system of government in which
Options:
A. there is elected head of State who exercises actual executive powers
B. the head of State is not the chief executive
C. the executive functions are the responsibility of the entire members of a cabinet
D. all members of cabinet must also be members of the legislature
Topic: Systems of Government
Correct Option: A (there is elected head of State who exercises actual executive powers)
Detailed Explanation: In a Presidential system (like Nigeria or the USA), the President is both the Head of State and the Head of Government (Chief Executive) and has real power, unlike a ceremonial President in a Parliamentary system.

18. Question: A social system in which power is derived from control over land is called
Options:
A. oligarchy
B. Feudalism
C. socialism
D. presidentialism
Topic: Political Systems
Correct Option: B (Feudalism)
Detailed Explanation: Feudalism was a medieval system where the hierarchy of power (Kings, Lords, Serfs) was based on the ownership and holding of land (fiefs).

19. Question: A system of voting in which the voters are asked a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question on a major issue is called
Options:
A. ‘first past the post’
B. a referendum
C. an absolute majority
D. an indirect election
Topic: Electoral Systems
Correct Option: B (a referendum)
Detailed Explanation: A referendum (or plebiscite) is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific proposal or issue (e.g., “Should we create a new state? Yes/No”).

20. Question: [Ni]geria is NOT a member of
Options:
A. The Commonwealth
B. OPEC
C. ECOWAS
D. NATO
Topic: International Organizations
Correct Option: D (NATO)
Detailed Explanation: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance between North American and European countries. Nigeria is a member of the Commonwealth, OPEC (Oil), and ECOWAS (West Africa).

21. Question: The electorate means
Options:
A. elected members of the Assembly
B. candidates for election
C. electoral officers
D. citizens qualified to vote
Topic: Electoral Systems
Correct Option: D (citizens qualified to vote)
Detailed Explanation: The electorate refers specifically to the body of people allowed to vote in an election.

22. Question: A constitution is rigid if it
Options:
A. cannot be amended
B. is found only in one written document
C. requires special procedures for amendment
D. is changed only by judicial interpretation
Topic: Constitution
Correct Option: C (requires special procedures for amendment)
Detailed Explanation: A rigid constitution is one that is difficult to amend, usually requiring a complicated process (like a 2/3 majority vote or a referendum) rather than a simple majority vote in parliament.

23. Question: The main objective of pressure groups is to
Options:
A. win political power
B. conduct free and fair elections
C. mobilize support on behalf of government
D. protect the interests of its members
Topic: Pressure Groups
Correct Option: D (protect the interests of its members)
Detailed Explanation: Unlike political parties that seek to win power, pressure groups seek to influence the government to make policies that favor their members (e.g., Trade Unions fighting for better wages).

24. Question: A major difference between civilian and military government is that, civilian government is
Options:
A. upright and just
B. hostile to the military
C. financially prudent
D. accountable to the people
Topic: Military vs. Civilian Rule
Correct Option: D (accountable to the people)
Detailed Explanation: Civilian governments are elected and answerable to the electorate (the people) through periodic elections. Military governments seize power by force and are authoritarian/dictatorial.

25. Question: One of the legal ways through which political parties can raise money for their activities is through
Options:
A. Fund raising
B. money laundering
C. corporations and labour organizations
D. foreign nationals
Topic: Political Parties
Correct Option: A (Fund raising)
Detailed Explanation: Political parties legally raise funds through membership dues, donations from individuals, and organized fund-raising events. (Note: Corporate donations are often regulated, and foreign funding is usually illegal in many countries, including Nigeria).

26. Question: Traditional rulers can assist local government authorities in their development agenda by
Options:
A. Pitching the youth against the authorities
B. Mobilizing human and material resources
C. Organizing demonstrations
D. Preserving the customs of the people
Topic: Local Government
Correct Option: B (Mobilizing human and material resources)
Detailed Explanation: Due to their closeness and influence over the local people, traditional rulers are effective at mobilizing their communities to support government development projects.

27. Question: In general, constitutions are designed to provide
Options:
A. General arrangements, rule and national objectives within which political activities are conducted
B. Legal remedies for all political problems
C. Codes of ethics for politicians…
D. Clear alternatives to military…
Topic: Constitution
Correct Option: A (General arrangements, rule and national objectives…)
Detailed Explanation: A constitution serves as the fundamental law/framework that defines the structure of government, distributes powers, and sets the rules for political activity.

28. Question: Rule adjudication is a primary function of the
Options:
A. Executive
B. Government
C. Legislature
D. Judiciary
Topic: Separation of Powers
Correct Option: D (Judiciary)
Detailed Explanation: “Adjudication” means judging. The Judiciary interprets the laws and settles disputes between individuals or between the state and individuals.

29. Question: The United Kingdom adopts ________ system of government
Options:
A. Aristocracy
B. Mobocracy
C. Parliamentary
D. Monarchy
Topic: Systems of Government
Correct Option: C (Parliamentary)
Detailed Explanation: Although the UK is a Monarchy (Head of State), its system of government operation is Parliamentary (Cabinet system), where the Prime Minister is the Head of Government chosen from the Parliament.

30. Question: In a military regime, the branches of government that were fixed [fused] are
Options:
A. executive and legislature
B. executive and the judiciary
C. legislature and judiciary
D. executive, legislature and judiciary
Topic: Military Rule
Correct Option: A (executive and legislature)
Detailed Explanation: In military regimes, the law-making body (Legislature) is suspended. The Military Council (Executive) takes over the power to make laws (Decrees). Thus, the Executive and Legislative powers are fused into one body.

31. Question: The Nigeria civil war was fought because
Options:
A. Biafra was ripe for independence
B. the Eastern region was marginalized in Nigeria
C. the Hausa-Fulani wanted to dominate Nigeria
D. the Igbos were massacred in the North between September and October, 1966.
Topic: Political History of Nigeria
Correct Option: D (the Igbos were massacred in the North…)
Detailed Explanation: While there were many factors (marginalization, broken accords), the immediate catalyst that led to the declaration of Biafra (and subsequent war) was the pogroms/massacres of Igbos in the North in 1966, which made the Easterners feel unsafe in the federation.

32. Question: Under the emirate system, the commander of the army is
Options:
A. Hakimi
B. Sarki Fada
C. Madawaki
D. Alkali
Topic: Pre-Colonial Administration
Correct Option: C (Madawaki)
Detailed Explanation: In the Hausa/Fulani traditional system:

• Madawaki: Commander of the Army/Cavalry.

• Alkali: Judge.

• Waziri: Prime Minister/Vizier.

33. Question: The ten non-permanent members of the security council are elected by the
Options:
A. General assembly
B. trusteeship council
C. Security Council
D. economic and social council
Topic: International Organizations (UN)
Correct Option: A (General assembly)
Detailed Explanation: The UN Security Council has 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. The 10 non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a 2-year term.

34. Question: Nigeria’s non-aligned policy means that she will
Options:
A. have nothing to do with the super-powers
B. not take side in international issues based on ideology consideration
C. avoid any dealing with any country with ideological leanings
D. relate only with countries of the non-aligned nations
Topic: Foreign Policy
Correct Option: B (not take side in international issues based on ideology consideration)
Detailed Explanation: Non-Alignment meant that Nigeria would not blindly follow the Western Block (USA) or Eastern Block (USSR) during the Cold War but would judge every issue on its own merit.

35. Question: Laws made by local governments are called
Options:
A. Acts of parliament
B. Local Government Acts
C. Bye-laws
D. Local Government decrees
Topic: Local Government
Correct Option: C (Bye-laws)
Detailed Explanation:

• Acts: Made by Federal Parliament.

• Laws: Made by State Assembly.

• Bye-laws: Made by Local Government Councils.

36. Question: Which of the following best describes the role of traditional rulers during colonial era
Options:
A. were directly involved in government
B. were directly accountable to the secretary of state for the colonies
C. made laws for the people
D. served as link between the people and the government
Topic: Colonial Administration
Correct Option: D (served as link between the people and the government)
Detailed Explanation: Under the system of Indirect Rule, the British used Traditional Rulers as intermediaries to govern the people. They served as the link, collecting taxes and enforcing orders on behalf of the colonial masters.

37. Question: In Nigeria, the foundation of federalism was laid by
Options:
A. Lyttleton Constitution
B. Clifford constitution
C. Macpherson constitution
D. Richards constitution
Topic: Constitutional Development
Correct Option: A (Lyttleton Constitution)
Detailed Explanation: The 1954 Lyttleton Constitution is credited with establishing the true federal structure in Nigeria by sharing powers clearly between the Center and the Regions and making the Regional governments autonomous.

38. Question: One of the basic functions of an electoral commission is to
Options:
A. delimit constituency
B. conduct elections
C. register political parties and voters
D. b and c above
Topic: Electoral Commission
Correct Option: D (b and c above)
Detailed Explanation: The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is responsible for conducting elections, registering voters, and registering political parties. While “delimiting constituencies” (Option A) is also a function, Option D is the most inclusive answer provided in the context of the options.

39. Question: The doctrine of separation of powers is associated with
Options:
A. Montesquieu
B. Locke
C. Marx
D. Hobbes
Topic: Political Concepts
Correct Option: A (Montesquieu)
Detailed Explanation: The French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu formulated the theory of Separation of Powers (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary) in his book The Spirit of Laws (1748) to prevent tyranny.

40. Question: Which of the following is NOT a mode of constitutional change?
Options:
A. Party manifesto
B. Formal amendment
C. Judicial decision
D. Statutory revision
Topic: Constitution
Correct Option: A (Party manifesto)
Detailed Explanation: A Party Manifesto is simply a document outlining a political party’s promises and programs if elected. It has no legal power to change the constitution. Constitutions are changed via Amendment, Judicial Review (interpretation), or Coup d’etat (suspension).